Context Setting*#As you may already be aware, the role of a chairperson/chairman/CEO/speaker in private firms, local government bodies, or committees is significant within democratic societies. In our constitution, we have three assemblies where our representatives (whether elected directly or indirectly by the common people) convene to operate our democracy.#India is a federal democracy, which means the power to govern the people is shared between one nation and its multiple states/provinces. At the national level, we have two assemblies: #1. Lok Sabha or Lower House (members elected by common people).*#2. Rajya Sabha or Upper House (members elected by members of state legislatures).*#At the state level, we have state legislatures.#3. State Legislative (members elected by common people).*#Each of these assemblies has a speaker/chairperson, a position defined in our constitution and thus considered a constitutional designation.#A constitutional designation implies impartiality and equal treatment for all. However, in recent years, these chairpersons (at the national or state level) have made decisions that were not viewed as democratic. This has prompted discussions about their role and function in a democratic society.#These three designations function somewhat similarly, so we will refer primarily to Lok Sabha, but the same principles can be applied to State Legislative and Rajya Sabha.#In Article 93 of our constitution, the definition of the head of Lok Sabha, the Speaker, is provided, while the definition of the head of the state legislative assembly, the Speaker, is outlined in Article 178, and the head of Rajya Sabha, the Chairperson, is defined in Article 89.#Concerns Over the Speaker's Conduct and Power*#Under the Indian Constitution, members of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elect two of their members as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, respectively. Apart from overseeing the proceedings of the assembly and conducting general business to ensure its smooth functioning, the Speaker holds two crucial functions:#1. They can certify a bill as a Money Bill (though the Rajya Sabha and the states have limited influence over it).*#2. They decide on the disqualification of members of their houses, meaning the Speaker can suspend assembly members.*#Case 1: The decision of disqualification, which rests with the Speakers, does not seem proper. Let's understand this with an example: *#In Lok Sabha, with over 530+ seats, Speakers are chosen from among these 530+ seats. Suppose a party "A" has 300+ seats, there's a high probability that the Speaker of the House will be a member of the party "A." If elected as Speaker, their decisions may be inclined towards the benefit of their party and its members.This is a trend we've observed for many years. Currently, the BJP is in power with a majority, and the Speaker is from the BJP. A BJP MP made a communally insensitive speech to a Bahujan Samaj Party MP, and nothing happened to him, while a Congress MP was suspended by the order of Speaker over a remark to Prime Minister Narendra Modi.#Similarly, in the Maharashtra State Assembly, 12 BJP MLAs were unconstitutionally suspended for a year in July 2021, this decision was later overturned by the Supreme Court.#Disqualification petitions have been pending against the Maharashtra Speaker for a year without resolution, as the Speaker has sole authority in these decisions. The Supreme Court has issued multiple orders, but no action has been taken.#Disqualifying members without proper reason and keeping them out of the assembly goes against the basic sentiments of a federal society, and action must be taken to address this issue.#Case 2: Constitutional or Legislative Bills*#The Speaker is the key figure in the house but cannot operate alone. Therefore, they are granted the power to establish various committees (comprising members outside the house) and seek their assistance as needed. For example, committees like the Business Advisory Committee, the General Purposes Committee, and the Rules Committee work directly under the Speaker's guidance.When introducing a bill in the House, it is sometimes necessary to thoroughly analyze it, so the Speaker sends it to various committees. However, in recent years, even complex bills have been passed with a majority without consulting experts on these committees.#Between 2004 and 2014, 65% of bills were referred to parliamentary committees, compared to only 25% between 2014 and 2023. With less discussion and scrutiny of bills, this does not contribute to strengthening our democracy.#The Way Forward*#As our Speaker is a part of the house members, they may be inclined when making decisions. In the structure of the British House of Commons, representatives are also members of the house but resign from their party once elected as Speaker, never rejoining any party, which presents a more democratic image.#On the other hand, various bodies, including the Supreme Court, have recommended to the Indian government to amend the constitution to establish an independent tribunal body and transfer these powers from the Speakers to it. This change has yet to occur.#Until then, it is up to the Speakers themselves to demonstrate impartiality within the assembly and keep the decorum of assemblies.#

Misuse of power by our Speakers.

Introduction*#
As far as I can recall economic activities around myself since childhood I can say that all of the Men's population go out of the home for work while most of the women stay at home to provide child care or elder care or household-related work or work in the vicinity of home. it is now universally acknowledged that men go out to work while women work at home & this system is well-equipped and deeply rooted in our Indian society. both genders work to help a nation stay stable in and out of home but when it comes to calculating the contribution of the population towards GDP major work of women is left un-accounted.#

This society structure is not so conducive to achieving a 5Trillion $ economy so we need to make sure to involve women in mainstream economic activities and count their unpaid domestic services into economic calculations.#

Here we can propose two solutions for women's contribution:*#
1) Women's unpaid domestic services must be appropriately valued and calculated.#
2) Women must be adequately supported to work outside the home and let them aspire.#

1)*#
This year economics Nobel prize winner has worked on women's contribution to society and how they are not well treated in economics, according to Claudia Goldin: All women work but not all of them get paid. in a recent study by "Nature" for India it was found that almost 80% of women population is engaged in unpaid domestic services compared to men ~25%. On average women work for 297hours compared to men 31 hours which shows a huge gap for domestic services.#

Of the 20% of women who worked in some economic activities, 75% of them worked in such small activities that it is left unaccounted for in economic estimates. and apart from doing out of the home work they have to do domestic unpaid services which is a double burden to them.#

A recent study of SBI claims that women's unpaid work plays a vital role in the economy and is responsible for 7.5% of our GDP which is remarkable and yet invisible to society and we didn't find any logs in the official economy.#

The government should change the way they value this labour and call for change in internally defined national account systems so that changes can be incorporated into GDP to census calculation. As we didn't find any logs of this unpaid labour it has never come under consideration while making policies on labour protection and employment.

2)*#
Women working outside the home are not getting enough support to continue their work due to various domestic responsibilities which start from raising a kid to taking care of elders. In low-income families, both parents are forced to work to support their expenses while mothers have to do unpaid work apart from their job. it has also been found that women's work is seasonal and irregular. in a study, it has been found that 44% of women work for 4 months continuously over the span of 4 years only 2% of women work.#

Domestic obligations keep them away from regular employment and if someone tries to work they have to work in a dangerous environment. let's take a rural area example where apart from the agricultural activity they also work in construction related work, suppose a mother has to work there then she keeps their child in the shadow of construction and a relatively polluted environment for a long duration which is affecting her child adversary but still they work to support family risking her and her child well-being.#

to tackle the above issue government has already run the world's largest public Schemes ANGANWADI SYSTEM for child service but still, it's not supporting enough. in ANGANWADI children up to 6 years are being educated and provided with essential child services. this suits the rural area for workin' women outside the home, they put their children in ANGANWADI and go to work, but this ANGANWADI runs for only 4 hours and so a woman who aspires to work for 8 hours finds difficulties in handling the home & work.#

above was the case for low-income states and rural areas if you see the high-income society and metro cities this problem has been assessed by the Private sector and they are running a similar service called Creche, its similar to ANGANWADI but with better equipment & facilities which cost ample amount of money. #

the government needs to minimise the differences between this child service outlined by the Public and private sector and make it more helpful for working mothers.#

that Creches business is still to reach to every corner of society although it is growing by 11.8% per year.
#
Today, the women's labour force participation rate in India is 33% according to the World Bank it is 24% while in China it is 61%, if India wants to raise its women's participation rate to empower them it needs to dispel the myth about their work contribution and women's work must both calculated appropriately and supported fairly to let them breathe in economy.#

Without counting women's contribution, it's just a dream to achieve $ 5Trillion Economy

Hi There, let's go back into timeline of our independence in 1947. After independence from the Britishers, we didn't have any documentation of our ideas, thoughts, or laws... Like how we had to run our democracy, which had a population of around 30 crore. Every process has its own algorithms: for democracy too, we have our algorithms, called: Constitution, A Holy Sacred Book Of Democracy.#

Above We Understood, we need Constitution to run democracy. okay? # 

Leaving behind the holistic process of drafting the constitution and making it ready in November 1949 to finally adopting it on 26th January 1950, we'll jump on a problem we had around that 1950s time.

Through the constitution: Timeline 1950s*#
1) Book Part III, Articles 12-35: We got Fundamentals Rights.*#
   (Equality, Freedom, Against Exploitation, Religion, Cultural & Education, Constitutional Remedies, Property)#
2) Part IV, Article 36-51 Government got: Directive Principles Of State Policy: DPSP*#
   like how government should work & think about democracy and its people.#
   
Before starting the case, let's understand a few articles of our Constitution which will be used later frequently: #

Article 368: *#It says, Parliament can amend the Constitution based on their current socio-economic and political requirements, amendment can be done by Constituent Laws or General Legislative Law.#
Article 13(1):*# Laws on Fundamental Rights before Independence will be null and void if they compromise current Fundamental Rights by any means.#
Article 13(2):*# Government Can't make any "law" on Fundamental Rights.#
9th Schedule Of Constitution: *# if the government puts any law under this schedule, Judicial review will not be possible, suppose the government made a law that they will take half of our salary and put that law under the 9th Schedule of the Book. We can't go for help to any court in that case.#

What is the word "law" of 13(2):*# It can be interpreted in two ways, 1st: Legislative law, 2nd: Constituent Law.#

So, now I can say, you have heard these terms: Constitution, Fundamental Rights, DPSP, We can modify the constitution through amendments, democracy, article 368, 13-1 & 13-2, right? okay fine.*#

Among the multiple challenges in 1950, we had a problem of an economic gap between the population, #ooh how ?*#

As India is an कृषि प्रधान - Agricultural Country and so we had a Zamindari rule, where Zamindars used to have acres of lands and others just used to work on those lands for Zamindars. 
Example: #
suppose In a village of 500 families, there are very few Zamindars which holds all of the agricultural and commercial lands, here we can clearly see the economic gap between it, agreed? yes, okay.#

!!!!!!State Governments Passed Zamindari Abolition Act!!!!!!*# 
Government noticed this gap and decided to abolish this Zamindari rule and acquire the land into its hand.. and hand it over to the deprived community. So they passed Zamindari Abolition act in their respective states#

!!!!!!Zamindars Not Happy, Started Seeking Help From Court!!!!!!*#
But Zamindars were not happy with these acts & they filed multiple cases in HC & Supreme Court of India from all over the nation. #
Zamindars Argued: Right To Property(Land) is a Fundamental Right Given By Constitution and government can't change it because of article 13-2, you are here till now? okay #
 
!!!!!!Central Government Amended The Constitution Saying Abolition Act Is Valid!!!!!!!*#
After seeing multiple Zamindari Abolition acts and their cases in Courts, Central Government Amended the Constitution for the first time in 1951 through article 368(it defines how to amend the constitution). #
1st Constitutional Amendment 1951: *# 
1) Article 31(a) & (b) was added into the Constitution & through 31(a) 9th Schedule(documentation or rule, you can say, explained above) of Constitution was introduced.#
2) Government stated: Zamindari Abolition Act is valid. it should be implemented.#

!!!!!!Shankari Prasad Vs Union Of India: 1951, He Opposed Government Decision!!!!!*#
Shankari Prasad went to Supreme court and gave the argument #1) that Government can't amend the fundamental rights by putting it in 9th schedule and doing whatever it wants without Judicial Review.# 2) he also asked if the word: Law in 13-2 means constituent law or general law?# 3 whether 1st Amendment is valid or not?#

!!!!!Supreme Court Reply To Shankari Prasad Case!!!!!!*#
Yes, Government can change the Fundamentals Rights by using Article 368#
Word "law" doesn't include constituent laws, means by constituent law we can amend fundamental rights.#
And 1st Amendment is valid as per article 368#

!!!!! 17th Constitution Amendment: Government Added 44 Laws into 9th schedule in 1965 !!!!!*#
you remember schedule 9th?? yes we can't challenge those laws in court. as government added 9th schedule in 1st amendment, they added 44 more laws into 9th schedule, which was a kind of shock to everyone, we were again moving toward slavery.#

!!!!! Now 17th Amendment Challenged Into Court: Sajjan Singh Vs State Of Rajasthan!!!!!!! *#
He also argued somewhat the same arguments as Shankari Prasad, and again Supreme Court gave the same verdict as the previous one, that Parliament(Government) can change the fundamental rights using article 368.#

!!!!!! Golak Nath Vs State Of Punjab : 1967 !!!!*#
Henry & William Golak Nath had 500 acres of land but Punjab government passed an act: Punjab security and land tenure act, and Punjab Government said I'll take 470 acres of land, and 30 acres of land will be owned by Golak Nath Brothers. As we saw, the right to property is a fundamental right, but still, the government was trying to snatch it from the brothers. So they challenged this decision in court.

!!!!! Supreme Court Over Golak Nath Case !!!!*#
Supreme court reversed its previous decision and said: Government can't change the fundamental rights by using article 368 because this amendment is the same as ordinary "law" and as defined in article 13-2, ordinary laws can't change fundamental rights. a constitutional amendment, also being an ordinary law within the meaning of Article 13#

!!!! In Response To Golak Nath Case: Government Did Multiple Amendments in Constitution !!!!!*#
24th Amendment 1971*#
Government again said the law which we have proposed for fundamental rights is not an ordinary law.. its a constituent law and so we can amend the fundamental rights.#

25th Amendment 1971*#
=>Government was powered to acquire land of Zamindars.#
=>Government can only decide compensation and not the Court.*#
=>Any Law which is meant for DPSP can't be challenged in court

.#
 
!!!!! Now Let's Move To The Last Case, which gave a new life to Democracy!!!!!*#
Kesavanand Bharti Vs State Of Kerala 1970*#
Kesavanad was the head of Edneer Mutt In Kerala, which was spread over acres of land#
In 1969, the Kerala Government Passed Land Reforms Act abolishing the Zamindari Rule.#
Kesavanad was forced to give the mutt's land to the government.#
#   #
In 1970, Kesavanand Moved to Supreme Court, His demands were as follows:*#
1) Right To Religion is being breached. (Mutt is a religious place)*#
2) Right To Property is being breached. (Mutt's Land)*#
3) To what extent parliament can amend Constitution. ?*#
4) 24th Amendment Legality challenged.
5) 25th Amendment.*#

In 1972 By 29th Amendment, the Central Government has put Kerala's Land Act into the 9th Schedule. Did you remember the power of the 9th schedule? *#

!!!!! Judgement Of The SC: Kesavanand Bharti Case 1973 !!!!*#
The Supreme Court, in a 7-6 majority decision, held that the Constitution of India has a basic structure that cannot be altered even by a constitutional amendment. For the first time, the Supreme Court used the term basic structure of Constitution.#
SC said to Parliament: You can change the constitution by the means of using the article, you have unlimited power for that..#
But you can't alter the Thought process of Constitution by which it is designed... you can't change the basic structure of it, and anytime SC feels the basic structure of Constitution is being amended by any law or amendment, Supreme court will always intervene in that matter to make sure Constitution has retained its sanctity.*#

Now, consider this: if the BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION had not been upheld by the Supreme Court, and if a dictatorial government had come into power, they could have altered and taken away all our fundamental rights, potentially plunging us back into the darkness of slavery. # 

HERE SUPREME COURT DIDN'T DEFINE THE "BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION", THEY SAID TO GOVERNMENT, YOU MAKE LAW USING 368, I'LL EXAMINE IT, IF IT HURTS "BASIC DOCTRINE" LAW WILL BE CONSIDERED NULL & VOID.
TIME TO TIME SUPREME COURT HAD ADDED SENTENCES INTO BASIC DOCTRINE BUT ITS STILL NOW COMPLETE, ITS COMPLETELY FUTURISTIC, WHICH GAURANTEE TO SAVE CONSTITUION.*#

That's why this Case of Kesavanand & Judgement of The Honourable Supreme Court is considered a Landmark judgment which saved the democracy.#

!!!!! What were the key features of this judgment !!!! ? *#
1) Supremacy of Constitution was held, no one can abridge it.#
2) Judiciary safeguard was provided to Constitution#
3) Separation of power between Judiciary & Government made, No further conflict.#
etc#

Although Kesavanand lost his land of Mutt, his case gave a new meaning to the Constitution and safeguarded democracy.#

After some years of judgment, Right to Property was removed from Fundamental Rights and put into General Laws. So now we have only 6 fundamental Rights#

Equality,#
Freedom,#
Against Exploitation,#
Religion,#
Cultural & Education,#
Constitutional Remedies.#

Okay, thanks for reading. It may seem a little complex, but you can remember the outcome of the Kesavanand Case.#


A Judicial Case, You Must Feel Proud Of: The Kesavananda Bharati Case 1970 - 73

A Quick go through to EIA.#
what is this?
#
EIA is a process, or you can say it's a tool used to assess the environmental, social, economic, and human health aspects of a project before implementation. Impact assessment is done in both negative and positive ways, evaluating the project's benefits and shortcomings. This tool compares various alternatives to minimize environmental repercussions and develop mitigation strategies.

#
Projects include river projects, forests, mountains, mines, transportation (roadways, subways, airports, waterways), and various others.

#
The United Nations has a separate entity for EIA under the United Nations Environmental Programme.

#
Why did you choose this topic?
# 
Well, you might be aware of the Teesta dam breach in Sikkim and recent floods and landslides in Himachal Pradesh. It appears that projects in the Himalayan region lack proper research and assessment before starting or completing, necessitating a dedicated EIA for Himalayan projects. The current EIA has many loopholes that we'll discuss further in the following paragraphs.

#
Context Ahead*#
EIA History in India
#EIA Process
#Stakeholders
#EIA Notification 2006
#Importance
#Shortcomings
#Way Forward

#
So, let's begin with the History of EIA in India:
#
In 1976-77, the Planning Commission of India directed the Department of Science & Technology to study river valley projects with an environmental perspective, marking the beginning of India's environmental assessment journey.
#
In 1986, a separate act called The Environment Protection Act was passed by the parliament, a response to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984.

#
Before 1994, administrative bodies were responsible for assessing project suitability.
#
In January 1994, the Union Ministry of Environment & Forest promulgated an EIA Notification under the 1986 act, making Environmental Clearance mandatory for several listed projects, including mining and roadways.

#
A new notification was introduced in 2006, we'll discuss it later in this article.

#
EIA Process: *# What are the steps involved in preparing a project?
#
Step 1: Screening: *# Determine if the proposed project meets Environmental clearance standards. Small-scale projects on a few acres of land may not require EIA.
#
Step 2: Scope:*# Evaluate the scope and size of the project and its potential impacts.
#
Step 3: Data Collection: *# Analyze the site, weather, resource availability, and collect data for assessing potential adverse effects.
#
Step 4: Impact Prediction:*# Predict whether the impact will be negative or positive, and whether it will be permanent, temporary, or reversible.
#
Step 5: Report*# Prepare an extensive report with mitigation plans, hazard reduction strategies, and details of affected parties.
#
Step 6: Public Hearing*# Gather opinions and insights from local people.
#
Step 7: Decision Making*# The EIA authority makes a verdict on project feasibility.
#
Step 8: Monitoring*# Project owners must submit reports on environmental impact and adherence to the declared plans during the project development phase and after its completed then also to make sure it is environmentally safe.

#
Stakeholders of the project*#
Who do you think will be impacted by a project, either directly or indirectly?
#
=> The project proposer, for example, if Samsung wants to build a hospital in a rural forest area.
#
=> Companies specializing in EIA assessment, as not all project owners have their own EIA capabilities.
#
=> Citizens of the area or site where the development occurs.
#
=> Pollution control boards.
#
=> Government agencies related to environment and forest: MoEFCC.

#Main Points of EIA Notification 2006*#
#Decentralization of power to approve projects*#
#The 2006 notification decentralized approval, creating State Level and National Level EIA Committees. Projects now fall into three categories: those mandatorily requiring central EIA approval (A1), those mandatorily requiring state EIA approval (B1), and those not requiring state approval (B2), exempt from assessment.

#After the 2006 Notification, the EIA process was simplified to four steps: Screening, Scope, Report preparation, and Appraisal.

#Importance of EIA:*#
#1) Holistic research and data preparation before project initiation for selecting the best technologies and development approaches reduces the complexity of problems during development phase.
#2) Empowers decision-makers to make informed choices.
#3) Involves local insights for a more comprehensive perspective.
#4) Minimizes future conflicts between projects and local communities.
#5) Ensures environmentally safe and sustainable projects.

#Shortcomings:*#
#1) EIA seeks local input after report analysis, rather than involving them in the report's creation.
#2) Limited applicability, as many projects don't require EIA assessment.
#3) EIA committee experts may lack expertise in environmental and forest studies.
#4) Lack of quality and credibility.

#Way Forward:*#
#1) Establish independent EIA authorities for various subjects, such as the need for a Himalayan region-specific EIA.
#2) Hire subject matter experts.
#3) Avoid granting clearance to projects, sensitive to the environment.
#4) Emphasize natural resource conservation over extensive exploitation.
#5) Ensure proper monitoring and compliance through dedicated government agencies.
#6) Make public hearings for environmentally impacting projects mandatory for the sake of human well-being and nature.

Hi there! Let's discuss Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Introduction:*#  By any chance if you have felt the above heading#, then you must be knowing that how our societies have different norms based on gender, and it's been there since ages. Throughout history, we have been discussing the word "Patriarchy," which we can see as toxic masculinity. On the other hand, girls have been kept oppressed.#  This topic recently gained more attention after the worldwide movement started by women: MeToo, where women from different parts of societies shared their experiences of being harassed and assaulted, which shows how they are restricted in normal life. Simultaneously, we are seeing the development of toxic masculine culture, which takes a toll on the mental and emotional well-being of boys, making them demanding.#  The quote from Simone de Beauvoir says societal pressure and gender-specific expectations can be equally harmful to both genders.#  One quote from Mahatma Gandhi seems promising here: the development of a nation is distant and unfulfilling until we realize that the development of rural areas is the precondition.#  So here, we'll be examining oppression and the demand on two pillars of society, mainly with respect to rural areas.#  Girls' Restrictions:*# In all aspects of life, we can see that girls are being oppressed, whether it is related to education, career, businesses, or having a political life. Let's explore it one by one.#  Education:* In rural areas, you can easily find that girls are being confined to household chores and are seen as less competent than boys. Parents usually see them as brides who will get married at a certain age and start their married life. However, this scenario is changing now, and it has already changed in urban areas. An example is Malala Yousafzai, who was shot in the head for promoting education for Afghan girls.#  Career Aspirations:* Gender stereotypes and expectations can limit the career aspirations of girls. They are often forced to avoid jobs that are male-dominated and are restricted to "pink-collar" jobs. However, things are changing, and even the Indian army has started recruiting girls through NDA (National Defence Academy), which was previously available only to boys. The gender pay gap is another issue; girls receive 81% of the pay that men receive.#  Social & Cultural Norms:* Social and cultural norms have existed for ages, affecting girls' dress sense and how they should behave and interact with others, undermining their capabilities and aspirations. Recently, we saw news from Iran where women protested against the hijab rule, and it's surprising to know that Iran has a separate department/military that checks women's morality, including how they wear hijabs.#  Gender ideologies often prompt couples to assign women extra family duties while men focus on their careers.#  Early Marriage & Motherhood:* This norm is still present in some parts of our society, and it limits girls' opportunities for education and personal development.#  Limited Mobility: * this restriction is still prevalent, with girls needing permission to travel alone, hindering their experiences and independence. In rural areas, girls often need permission, and that too, only if other girls are going for the same purpose.#  Boys' Limitations*# Traditional masculine expectations: Boys are often made to face societal demands to conform to traditional norms, which can include suppressing their emotions, showing sheer dominance, and avoiding vulnerability, even though these expectations may be contrary to their natural inclinations.#.  “Boys need healthy self-esteem. They also need love…Patriarchy will not heal them.”* — Bell Hooks.#  Academic & Career Demand:*# In general, boys are pushed to excel and achieve more in academics at the cost of their mental health and well-being.#  Physical Appearance & Demand:* they are often pressured to appear strong and dominant to meet societal norms.#.  Pressure To Provide:* few decades before, parents were having more number of child*#s in search of having baby boys, its still there at some extent. Boys are often taught to take care of their families and everyone which results in, boys giving up their aspirations.#  As all of these points are still deeply ingrained in our society, there is an urgent need to tackle these societal expectations and demands that are harming our future generations.#  Reform within society is compulsory to overcome this issue, which can be achieved through a reexamination of our history and a reinterpretation of texts. We have seen clear contributions from both genders in fighting against British and invaders in ancient history, and we need to revisit and incorporate these contributions.#  Education is the most feasible and straightforward option to address this issue. As the number of educated individuals grows, these cases of restriction and demands will diminish.#  The government has already taken numerous steps to educate girls and involve them in mainstream development areas. We have already seen the huge success of "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao," and we need more similar policies to integrate girls into society.#  As both genders are pillars of society, one nation cannot develop fully unless both genders contribute. In a recent parliamentary session in the new parliament building, the government passed a reservation bill for women to participate in politics, which is a significant step forward. We need to make it successful.#

Explain: Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demand!!

Context:*# Recently Hamas a militant group of GAZA representing Palestinians started a war with Israel on a long-standing issue.# In this analysis, we will examine the relationship between India and Israel, rather than focusing on the Israel vs. Palestine conflict. In short, the root cause of the conflict is the city of Jerusalem, which is referred to as the capital of Israel & Palestine by both parties, currently, Israel is handling Jerusalem. In Jerusalem city, these 3 places are there: #  The Western Wall: A sacred place for Jews.*# The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A sacred place for Christians.*# The Al-Aqsa Mosque: Sacred to Muslims.*#  All of these are located in Jerusalem, but control over the Jerusalem region is in the hands of Israel. This leads to ongoing aspirations, primarily among Palestinians, to gain control over the Jerusalem area, resulting in periodic conflicts.#  Why was India inclined towards Palestinians in the 1950s to 1980s?*#  India gained independence in 1947, and around that time, the region now known as Israel was under British control. Just as the British divided nations based on religion for India, they did the same for the Israel-Palestine region. In the 1940s, Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru expressed support for Palestinians. # Reasons for India's support of Palestine include:*# 1) Arab world# 2) Non-Aligned Movement# 3) United Nations#  Arab world support:*# Arab nations, being predominantly Muslim countries, advocated for a separate state for Muslims[Palestinians] and, in the 1950s to 1980s, were major players in the global oil market. India, being dependent on Arab oil, leaned toward supporting Palestine.#  Economic ties: Indian citizens working in Arab nations have significantly boosted India's economy and foreign exchange reserves, fostering a positive inclination toward Arabs and Palestinians.#  Political considerations: Indian leaders seeking Muslim votes found support from the Arab world, which influenced India's behavior.#  Non-Aligned Movement:*# India's traditional policy of non-alignment meant it did not take sides in international conflicts. During the Cold War, while the USA supported Israel, India was inclined toward the USSR. To align with the USSR, India leaned toward supporting Palestinians.#  United Nations:*# In 1948, the UN accepted the two-nation theory based on religion. India acknowledged Israel as a nation around 1950 but did not establish diplomatic relations.#  When did India shift toward Israel more openly?*# 1)India was => Dependent On Arabs for oil, Arabs Supported PLO(palestines Liberation Org) for muslim & so India was inclined to PLO.# PLO was getting money from Arab Nations: Irak, Saudi Arabi, Kuwait, etc.#  It means India can only support Israel when Arab nations are not in UNITY! once unity breaks, India can establish relations with Israel + other Arab nations too for oils, sounds good? okay.  So during the 1980s, we got a similar situation and started inclination towards Israel.# => During the 1980s Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq and his vision was to rule over oil-producing nations. he started a war with Iran and it went from 1980 to 1988: After war, Iraq was in debt of over 80 billion dollars.  few dollars were taken from Kuwait during the war.  around 1990, Kuwait started asking Saddam Hussein to return the money, but Iraq was not in a condition to return the money. # the only source of money for Irak was: Oil !# So Aggressive Saddam Hussein threatened Kuwait to stop oil production so that Iraq could produce oil and sell it at a higher price to pay its debts. but Kuwait didn't listen so Iraq started a new war with Kuwait Which is known as the Gulf War. Here Irak won. #  Once Iraq won the war with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other nations were feeling threatened. If he had won the Arab world, he would have been selling oil at his price, so to stop this Autonomy, America Assassinated Saddam Hussein at this time PLO was supporting Iraq.  # But the PLO was getting money from Saudi Arabia and other Arab Nations also & so after the PLO supported Iraq, Saudi Arabis took their hand back from the PLO and this was the time when the Arab world was divided over PLO.  after this, we started our inclination toward Israel.#  2nd) The 1991 Israel-Palestine Peace Accord* was signed in the presence of Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. so, when few Arabs started to build good relations with Israel, Why should India be behind ?#   3rd Reason) USSR Disintegration 1991.*# After the USSR's Disintegration, the newly formed Russian government was trying to maintain a good relationship with the U.S. So earlier,  the USA & ISRAEL were together, and Israel Russia were anti and India were close to the USSR. now USA & Russia Relation were also improving and So INDIA got a chance to Extend its relationship with ISRAEL.#   and in 1992, for the first time, India and Israel started their Diplomatic Relationship means, embassies were open in both countries.#  A Favourable Israel !!*#  1) During the India-China war in 1962, Arab Lads were neutral and didn't support India.# 2) Arabs supported Pakistan, during the India-Pakistan War of 1965 and 1971. # 3) During the war with Pakistan, Israel supported us with arms and ammunition.# 4) when the US Provided Harpoons[naval anti-ship] Missile to Pakistan, Israel provided a defensive tool, Barak 1 which was capable of handling Harpoons.# 5) Before the Kargil war, we tested the 2nd Pokharan nuclear test and Western countries warned to sanction us, but still Israel Supported us in the Kargil war in 1999.# 6) India was in close contact with Mossad( Israel Intelligence Agency ) during foundation of India Intelligence Agency [ RAW ].# 7) In 2017, Israel said: they would never support Pakistan over the Kashmir Issue.# 8) During the CAA & NRC bill outrage, they abstained from commenting as it was India's internal matter. while Arabs criticized it.# 9) we have been using UAVs( unmanned armed vehicles ) imported from israel.# 10) 2B dollar Deal in surface-to-air missiles in 2017.#  India has been implementing the Israeli Agriculture Technique and Water Management process. we have seen positive feedback from farmers and water bodies. seeing this, the Union Cabinet of India signed a MoU with Israel on the National Campaign for Water Conservation in India.#  If you see the Defence sector, Israel exports 41% of arms and ammunition to India. with respect to India,  India Imports 68% arms from Russia[1st], 14% from USA[2nd] & 7.2% from Israel[3rd]!!#  So if you see the trends, we have moved from Palestine to Israel in every aspect of our diplomatic relations whether we have to fight militants, Terrorists or boost our political and economic relations. pretty many citizens of both countries share the same thought process.#  Okay, Thanks if you are still here or jumped directly. ba baye..#

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Story: How India, Israel Relationship Evolved !!!